Volume Five 


Number One 


SCHOOL OF MINES 
AND METALLURGY 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 


BULLETIN 

AUGUST, 1919 


I 


TECHNICAL SERIES 


THE CARBONIZATION OF 
MISSOURI CANNEL COALS 


ROLLA, MO. 




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a 









‘A •' r S ' >■* ' ! Vi ''''- 2 




Entered as Second-Class Matter November 29, 1911, at the Post-Office at Rolla, Missouri, 
under the Act of July 13. 1894. Issued Quarterly. 








THE EXPERIMENT STATION 

, Officers of the Station 

Albert Ross Hill, Ph. D., LL. D...President of the University 

Austin Lee McRae, S. D... ..Director 

Guy Henry Cox, Ph. D., E. M......Geology and Mineralogy 

William DeGarmo Turner, Ph. D.Chemistry 

Horace Tharp Mann, E. M...Metallurgy and Ore Dressing 

’Martin Harmon Thornberry, B. S . Research Assistant 

Carl Bernard Hummell...Station Assistant 

The Experiment Station was established June 1, 1909. 

It is the object of the Station to conduct such original re¬ 
searches or to verify such experiments as relate to the properties 
and uses of mineral products; to investigate the engineering prob¬ 
lems connected with the mineral industry, the economic methods 
of mining and the preparation of ^mineral products, the methods 
of preventing waste of the mineral resources and the methods of 
preventing accidents in mines, mills, and smelters; to assist in 
improving the conditions surrounding the labor in mines, mills, 
and smelters; and such other researches or experiments as bear 
directly upon the application of mining and metallurgical en¬ 
gineering to the mineral industry of the State of Missouri. 

Any resident of the State may on request obtain bulletins 
as issued, or if particularly interested, may be placed on the 
regular mailing list. Correspondence regarding these bulletins 
or the work of the Station may be addressed to the Director, 
Mining Experiment Station, Rolla, Missouri. 









SCHOOL OF MINES 
AND METALLURGY 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 



THE CARBONIZATION OF 
MISSOURI CANNEL COALS 

BY 

Howard Leroy Dunlap, B. Sc., A. M. 

Assistant Professor of Chemistry 
Assisted by 

Karl Kenneth Kershner 

AND 

Vivian Xly Smiley 



ROLLA, MO. 
1919 



Chemistry Building 












<r- 



Ws 


<70 



Chemistry Department 

William DeGarmo Turner, Ph. D. Associate Professor 

Howard Leroy Dunlap, A. M. Assistant Professor 

Woldemar Markovitch Sternberg, Ph. D. . . .Assistant Professor 

Arthur Mark Howald. Student Assistant 

Frederick Arthur Krause. Student Assistant 

Benjamin Guthrie Nichols. Student Assistant 

Barney Nudelman. Student Assistant 

Samuel Norman Shanfeld. Student Assistant 


Committee On Publications 

J. W. Barley C. L. Dake H. L. Wheeler 











Acknowledgements 

The authors desire to acknowledge the kindly interest mani¬ 
fested by Dr. V. H. Gottschalk, through whose encouragement it 
was possible to undertake the work. To Mr. G. B. Evans of 
The Laclede Gas Light Company of St. Louis, we wish to ex¬ 
press our appreciation for the loan of a gas meter used in the 
work, and also for furnishing the wash oil. Thanks are also due 
to Mr. J. M. Weiss of The Barrett Company of New York, who 
examined a sample of Bunceton oil sent to their laboratories. 


Contents 

Introduction. y 

General considerations. g 

Description of apparatus 

Furnace. 10 

Retort. 10 

Condensers. 10 

Ammonia Washers. 10 

1 oluol, benzol and xylol absorbers. 10 

Gas tank. 11 

Gas apparatus. 11 

Examination of oils. 12 

Description of coals used 

Bunceton coal. 14 

' Quachita coal. 16 

Moniteau coal. 17 

Stover coal. 18 

Maryville coal.... 19 

Wyoming- coal. 20 

Data from the distillation of coals examined 

Bunceton . 21 

Quachita . 25 

Moniteau . 28 

Stover. 30 

Maryville . 33 

Wyoming. 36 

Curves from data 

Oil production and temperature. 37 

Specific gravity of oils and distillation fractions. . 38 

Bromine number and temperature of distillation.. 39 

Tar acids and temperature of distillation.. 40 

Gas production and temperature. 41 

Constituents of gases, per cent. 44 

Oil and gas production, per ton. 45 

Discussion of oil production with time of heating and tem¬ 
perature . 46 

Production of gases at successive temperatures of distilla- 


Summary. 48 
































6 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES 


I 



Materials Testing Laboratory. 


































BULLETIN 

AUGUST, 1919 

School of Mines and Metallurgy 
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 

TECHNICAL SERIES 

Vol. V. AUGUST, 1919. No. 1 


THE CARBONIZATION OF MISSOURI 

CANNEL COALS 


. . . JtjifiJ 

■ S t /“ 

Introduction 

This bulletin discusses investigations which were under¬ 
taken in continuation of the work described in “Studies in the 
production of oils and tars from bituminous materials/’ by J. C. 
Ingram 1 . The present report deals primarily with the cannel 
coals of Missouri. 

The importance of a thorough examination of cannel coals 
is due to the fact that many of them have a high percentage of 
volatile matter. Upon destructive distillation these coals yield 
a product which is more of the nature of an oil than of a tar such 
as is obtained from ordinary coal, and this fact has suggested the 
idea that these oils might have a commercial value much different 
from bituminous coals. 

The data presented should be considered as a preliminary 
study of the general nature of the distillation products, rather 
than as a detailed investigation with a wide range of conditions 
in carbonization. 

Missouri School of. Mines and Metallurgy, Bulletin, Technical Series, 
Vol. 3, No. 4; May, 1917. .1 , 







8 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


General Considerations 

The time 2 3 , temperature, pressure, shape and size of the retort' 
have a very marked influence upon the products obtained by the 
carbonization of any coal. The products of carbonization are in 
three phases,—solid, liquid and gaseous 4 , and the constituents and 
yield of these three phases may be widely varied by comparatively 
slight changes in the factors mentioned above. The influence of 
the physical conditions under which a coal is carbonized can not 
be over-emphasized. 

The lapse of time between the mining of a coal and the sub¬ 
sequent distillation has an influence upon the data obtained. Un¬ 
fortunately, this lapse of time, owing to transportation difficul¬ 
ties, is not uniform. Care in selecting a representative sample of 
a coal is also necessary. Uniform crushing of the sample, in so far 
as hardness and cleavage will permit, is essential in order to se¬ 
cure comparative data. The weight of coal used in each test 
must be governed by the facilities for proper coking and for the 
necessary handling of the oils and gases given off. 

The size, shape and cooling facilities of the condensers will 
affect the products, both oils and gases, as secondary reactions 
take place at this stage in the process. If the gases are required 
to pass over a heated path, it is evident that the cracking of the 
oils will be greater. The longer that the hot gaseous products 
remain in this state the greater this cracking will be. 

The pressure under which the coal is distilled also affects 
the products, since a higher pressure would require a higher tem¬ 
perature for volatilization of the constituents; and this higher 
temperature would tend to cause a still greater cracking of the 
oils. In the condensing of the gases, also, the increase or de¬ 
crease of the pressure would bring about more or less polymeri¬ 
zation, while the relative amounts of paraffins and olefines would 
for the same reason be altered. 

In heating the retort, the volatile products from the coal ad¬ 
jacent to the walls' 1 are driven to the interior and condensed, then 
redistilled later when the temperature of this part of the retort 
reaches the proper stage. These volatile products would evidently 
act as a solvent for the other volatile products and alter the de¬ 
composition point of the coal in the interior. 

2 Jayne, H. W., Coal tar industries in the United States; Fifth Inter¬ 
national Congress of Applied Science, Vol. 2, p. 721, 1906. 

3 Perry, R. P., Tar distillation in the United States: Eighth Inter¬ 
national Congress of Applied Science, Vol. 19, p. 233, 1912. 

4 Wagner, F. H., Coal gas residuals, p. 7, 1914. 

■*Traer, G. W., Low temperature distillation of Illinois and Indiana 
coals: Am. Inst. Min. Eng.. Bull. 141, pp. 1463-1470, Sept., 1918. 




Apparatus tor Carbonization op Coabs and the; RpxovPry op By-Products. 








































































































































































































































10 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Description of Apparatus 

The apparatus used for this work was of the same general 
type as that employed by J. C. Ingram in work previously carried 
out at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. However, 
certain modifications were made. 

Furnace. —The furnace was the same in principle but was 
lengthened to accommodate a larger retort. The method of heat¬ 
ing was the same, namely, by three gasoline burners. 

Retort. —The retort was made from a six-inch steel pipe, 
five feet long, and had a capacity of about one cubic foot. It was 
closed at the rear with a cast iron cap; the front end was fitted 
with a half flange, and this was capped with a plate having an 
outlet to the first condenser. This plate was also fitted with a 
three-quarter inch capped iron tube extending back thirty-six 
inches through the center of the retort. This was used for in¬ 
serting the thermo-couple in order to secure, as nearly as pos¬ 
sible, the temperature of the interior of the retort. The furnace 
was so constructed that the flames from the burners played along 
the under side of the retort towards the front end, and then back 
over the top to rear of the furnace. From several readings, it was 
found that the temperature of the outside of the retort was ap¬ 
proximately one hundred degrees centigrade higher than that of 
the inside. The temperature of the inside was recorded in the 
data. 

Condensers .—The first condenser was the same as that pre¬ 
viously used and was cooled by running water during the entire 
distillation. The second condenser consisted of four and one- 
half feet of five-inch steel pipe with six neatly-fitting nickel wire 
gauze cones as shown in the diagram. The third condenser was 
a five-liter bottle. It was necessary to insert this in order to give 
the tars an opportunity completely to settle out of the gases. The 
connection between the first and second condensers was a two- 
inch iron pipe, and a half-inch glass tube joined the second and 
third. 

Ammonia zvashers. —Four ten-liter glass acid bottles served 
as ammonia washers. Five liters of water were placed in each 
washer and the gas bubbles were scattered by placing a nickel 
wire gauze cap over each inlet. This proved very efificient, as 
rarely was there found to be any ammonia in the third washer. 
The first washer was fitted with a manometer for determining 
the pressure at any time. 

Toluol , benzol, and xylol absorbers. —Three five-liter bottles 
for removing these constituents were arranged similar to the 
ammonia washers and the gas caused to scatter in the same man¬ 
ner. The oil used in the washers was kindly furnished by the 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


11 


Laclede Gas Light Co. of St. Louis, and was of the same kind as 
that used for this purpose in their plants. The connections be¬ 
tween these absorbers and the ammonia washers consisted of half¬ 
inch glass tubing. 

The toluol, benzol, and xylol absorbers were joined to a mas¬ 
ter meter by means of a two-inch iron pipe, and the master meter 
was in turn joined in the same manner to the reservoir tank. 

Gas tank .—The reservoir tank was constructed of galvanized 
iron and had a capacity of approximately fifty cubic feet. In 
order to secure a general sample of the gases for the purpose 
of determining the B. t. u. value and also for analysis, a suitable 
amount of coal was placed in the retort to enable the tank to hold 
the complete output of gases. 

The pressure required to force the gases through the entire 
apparatus was two centimeters of mercury. This was a greater 
pressure than was desired, but no way was found to lessen it 
and at the same time completely wash the gas. The pressure 
was constant for all runs. 


Z0-Lifer Bottle 
Distilled H z 0 - ; 


Z-Way CockZ-Way Cock'. 


Platinum Wire- 


Battery-i>s±=z 

T— 

Key'' 


lOOc.c. Burette 





"?■— Tube 

Connection 


Mixing Tube 


"^—Sampling 
Tube 


f —Cooling Jacket 


\L 


Leveling Bottle — 



ir-l-Way Cock 

Z J Jay Cock — *—r—-v 

Tube Connection \—Waste 


Apparatus for Analyzing Gas. 

Gas apparatus .—The gas samples were analyzed by means of 
a modified Elliot apparatus. The modifications were necessary in 
order to secure quick and satisfactory results with this particular 
gas, which ran very high m hydrogen and methane. The stand 
ard Elliot apparatus consists of three interconnected, 100 c. c. 
burettes. The first is not graduated and is used as a leaction 
chamber for treating the gas with the several chemicals used. 












































12 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINUS. 


The second is graduated and is used for measuring the volume 
of the gas before and after treatment in the first burette. The 
third burette is similar to the second except that it has a spark 
gap near the top and is used for the explosion of the hydrogen 
and methane. The system is connected to a supply of distilled 
water and a leveling bottle is fitted to the bottom of each burette. 

The modified apparatus retained the first and second burettes 
but substituted a slow combustion pipette for the third. It was 
found that the high percentage of methane and hydrogen ren¬ 
dered the explosion method inaccurate as well as dangerous for 
the operator. The combustions in the pipette were made over 
water at atmospheric pressure with ignition by means of an 
electrically heated platinum wire. The only other modification 
consisted in connecting the bottom of the first burette with a 
twenty-liter bottle containing distilled water and placed about 
four feet overhead. Connection was made by means of a two- 
way cock, one branch leading to the water supply and the other 
to the waste. This change did away with the necessity for level¬ 
ing bottles on the first and third burettes and made the operation 
of the apparatus much simpler. The whole apparatus was mount¬ 
ed on a rigid frame. 

The manipulation consisted briefly in drawing 100 c. c. of 
gas into the second burette from the gas holder, then transfer¬ 
ring this charge to the reaction burette under slightly reduced 
pressure, and sucking in a few drops of the desired chemical 
through a capillary tube at the top of the burette. As soon as 
the reaction was complete the gas was returned to the second 
burette to be measured, and the first burette was flushed out with 
distilled water from the two-way valve. This operation was re¬ 
peated with each reagent used. The combustion was made by 
drawing 15 c. c. of gas into the combustion pipette, turning on 
the current through the platinum wire, and then forcing in 100 
c. c. of air from the second burette. The reduction of volume 
was also measured in this burette. Oxygen was used for a por¬ 
tion of the combustion, thus making it possible to use a full pipette 
of the gas (100 c. c.) instead of the 15 c. c. used with the air. 

Analyses made with this apparatus were found to agree 
closely with those made with the standard Hempel apparatus. It 
was easily possible to make a complete determination in thirty 
minutes, and the apparatus gave practically no trouble during 
the course of the work. 

Examination of the Oils 

The tars or oils secured from the different runs of the same 
coal did not, as far as could be determined, differ much in their 
properties. A general sample of the runs was taken for the ex¬ 
amination of each coal. 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


13 


In the examination of these oils, the methods used by the 
Barrett Manufacturing Company were followed. These meth¬ 
ods, as Mr. Church states, are not “for the scientific examination 
of, or into, the products of coal tar." The primary object was to 
secure concordant results in different laboratories. 

At the suggestion of Mr. J. M. Weiss, head of the Research 
Department of the Barrett Manufacturing Company, a sample 
of the crude Bunceton oil was sent to the New York laboratory 
for examination. Mr. \\ eiss, commenting upon it, writes: 

“The tar acid content is low, and not what we would expect from 
Iqw temperature tars, as in some cases we have seen these run as 
high as 25 to 30 per cent of acid bodies. Although the oil contains 
considerable material boiling below 200 degrees, yet in view of the 40 
per cent paraffin content, we do not believe that this could be utilized 
for the production of commercial aromatic hydrocarbons.” 

The cannel coal oil when freshly fractionated was of a light 
straw color for the first fraction, and a darker color for each 
succeeding fraction. Upon standing, all of these fractions be¬ 
came darker in color. In a light room, but not in the sunlight, 
all the samples became black in color after three months and 
left a tarry sediment in the bottom of the flask. Another set of 
samples exposed to more light darkened much faster. When the 
fractions were kept in the dark, the blackening was very slow; 
but upon standing, there was a gradual change, showing some de¬ 
composition even in the absence of light. 

Several of the fractions were redistilled. It was found that 
some of the oil began to come over at a temperature lower than 
where the cut was made, and resembled in physical properties 
the oils in the lower-boiling fractions. At the maximum temper¬ 
ature of the cut, there would always upon redistillation be an 
oil remaining, darker in color, which resembled the next higher 
fractions. This would indicate that the higher hydrocarbons 
were continually being broken up into the simpler compounds on 
the one hand, while at the same time some condensations were 
taking place. This was probably due to the unsaturated com¬ 
pounds, as the bromine number of the oils of the same specific 
gravities showed a decrease upon these redistillations. 

The two lower fractions of the cannel coal oils were tested 
for benzene according to Mr. Church’s method", but gave only 
very slight traces. It may be possible to crack these oils and ob¬ 
tain benzene and toluene. It is probable that they would lend 
themselves easily to a process of this kind on account of their 
instability when subjected to repeated fractional distillations. 

In the fractions of these oils there is a mixture of com¬ 
pounds', paraffins, olefines, and varying amounts of aromatic hy- 

“Church, S. R., Methods for testing coal tar and refined tars, oils and 
pitches: Jour. Ind. & Eng. Chem., Vol. 3, pp. 227-233, 1911; also Vol. 5, 
pp. 195-197, 1913. 

7 Jones, D. T., and Wheeler, R. V., The composition of coal: Jour. 
Chem. Soc., Vol. 105, pp. 140-151, 1914. 



14 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


drocarbon derivatives. A separation by fractional distillation 
would be impossible, owing to the breaking down of some and 
the condensation of others. An attempt was made to nitrate some 
of the fractions and then crystallize them. Some fairly good 
crystals were obtained from some of the lower fractions but any 
further attempts always led to a tarry mass with which it was 
impossible to proceed further. With the higher fractions it was 
found more difficult to get anything as definite as with the lower 
fractions. 

Parr and 01in" raised the question whether such tars could 
not be used as drying bodies or paint vehicles. A quantitative 
measurement of the capacity for absorbing bromine' was run on 
the different fractions where possible and recorded in the data. 
Great difficulty was encountered in getting a good end point. 
The bromine number was calculated as grams absorbed by one 
hundred grams oil. The best results were obtained by using 
carbon tetrachloride as a solvent for the bromine. For compara¬ 
tive results, it was necessary to run these bromine numbers un¬ 
der the same conditions of temperature and time. After titrating 
the iodine displaced against sodium thiosulphate and letting 
the solution stand for a few minutes, the oil became dark and in 
some of the higher fractions a tarry substance separated similar 
to that which was formed upon standing exposed to the light. 

In the determination of the tar acids and tar bases, definite 
readings were easily obtained for the lower fractions but some 
of the higher boiling fractions required considerable time for 
the separations. The same general tendency was noticeable in 
getting the unsulphonated residue readings. The fractions ob¬ 
tained by fractionation were much more easily read than were 
those of the crude tars. An oily heavy tar persists in adher¬ 
ing to the surface of the pipette, making reading impossible. 

Description of coals used 

Six different samples of coal were examined. As soon as 
the samples were received, they were crushed into one-half to 
one-fourth inch lumps and placed in closed containers until 
ready to be used. 

Bunccton coal .—This sample was obtained from the Hub¬ 
bard Cannel Coal Mine near Bunceton, Cooper County, Missouri, 
sec. 29, T. 47 N., R. 16 W. This mine has been worked eight 
years. The extent of the pocket has not been definitely deter¬ 
mined, but it is estimated to be 50 feet thick with a width of 300 
feet and a length of 500 feet. The depth from the surface is 
about 55 feet. 

"Parr, S. W., and Olin, H. L., Univ. of Illinois Eng-. Exper. Sta., Bull. 
60, p. 18, 1912. 

“Alien, A. H., Commercial organic analysis,. Vol. 2, p. 26, 1909. 



MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


15 


The coal breaks out in large blocks and splinters upon 
crushing. It fuses when heated and upon ignition burns with 
a smoky flame. The following is an analysis of the coal, coke 
and ash: 


Analysis of Bunccton coal. 


Volatile matter . 51.42 

Ash . 8.16 

Moisture . 0.82 

Fixed carbon . 39.60 


100.00 

Specific gravity, apparent. 1.290 

B. t. u.14,208 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 12.41 pounds 

Sulphur . 3.19 percent 


Analysis of ash from Bunccton coal. 


Insoluble residue . 55.50 

KesCh . 21.60 

AhCh . 19.30 

CaO . 1-29 

Sulphur . 1-85 


99.54 


Analysis of coke from Bunccton coal. 

Sulphur . 2.19 percent 

B. t. .H,714 

This coal gave a very good coke. It was hard and the en¬ 
tire charge fused together. The porousness was about the same 
as that of ordinary coke. 



















16 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Ouachita coal. —The sample of Ouachita coal was taken from 
the Ouachita mine, Morgan County, Missouri, SYV./4 SW.J4 
sec. 22, T. 43 N., R. 18W., about seven miles northwest of Ver¬ 
sailles, Missouri. 

There are several pockets of the coal in this region and some 
of these have been worked for local consumption for several 
years. The mine at present is being put into operation by H. H. 
Hannenkratt and a branch switch repaired to the mine. The 
sample secured can hardly be considered typical of the deposit, 
as it was impossible to get into the deposit far enough to get 
away from effect of exposure to the air. The sample was jet 
black and gave the characteristic cannel coal splintering upon 
crushing. It burns with a smoky flame and gives a high per 
cent ash, but lower per cent of volatile matter than some other 
cannel coals. The approximate dimensions of the pocket ex¬ 
amined are, thickness 45 feet, width 200 feet, length undeter¬ 
mined. The deposit is about 15 feet below the surface of the 
ground. The analysis is a follows: 


Anaylsis of Ouachita coal. 


Volatile matter . 25.49 

Ash. 55.06 

Moisture . 4.90 

Fixed carbon . 14.55 

100.00 

Specific gravity, apparent . 1.641 

B. t. u. 5,950 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 5.20 pounds 

Sulphur . 0.89 per cent 


Analysis of ash from Ouachita coal. 


Insoluble residue . 94.00 

FesOs and AhO . 3.50 

CaO . 0.35 

Sulphur. 0.30 


98.15 

Analysis of coke from Ouachita coal. 


Sulphur . 1.07 percent 

B. t. u. 6,415 


This coal gave a retort residue which did not in the least 
clinker. Thus is would have no value as a coke for fuel. 


















MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


17 


Moniteau coal. —This deposit is located in Moniteau Coun¬ 
ty, Missouri, NW.J4 sec. 16, T. 43 N., R. 16W., about twelve 
miles northwest of Versailles, Morgan County. The deposit 
is about 20 feet below the surface of the ground; it has a thick¬ 
ness of about 42 feet, a width of 400 feet and length undeter¬ 
mined. The mine has been worked for local consumption for 
fifty years and is being worked at present. The coal crushes 
into characteristic cannel coal splinters, runs comparatively low 
in ash and high in volatile matter. The following is the analysis 
of the coal, coke and ash: 

Analysis of Moniteau coal. 


Volatile matter . 48.36 

Ash. 9.10 

Moisture. 2.07 

Fixed carbon . 40.47 


100.00 

Specific gravitv, apparent . 1.118 

B. t. u. . V .14,318 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 10.10 pounds 

Sulphur . 2.12 percent 

Analysis of ash from Moniteau coal. 

Insoluble residue . ( J0.90 

AkCh and FesOs . 7.00 

CaO. 2.00 

Sulphur. 0-80 


100.00 

Analysis of coke from Moniteau coal. 

Sulphur . 1-50 percent 

B. t. . 11.242 


This coal gave a light inferior grade of coke which did not 
clinker to any very great extent. 


















18 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Stover coal. —This deposit is located in Morgan County, Mis¬ 
souri, SE.*4 NE./4 sec. 6, T. 41 N., R. 16W., near Barnett, Mis¬ 
souri. The mine has been worked intemittently for the last fifty 
years. The depth of the deposit from the surface is 10 to 20 feet 
and the bed is over 70 feet in thickness; the width is unknown 
but there is a side drift about 200 feet from the entrance of the 
tunnel, which measures 120 feet in solid coal. There are also 
two or three smaller drifts. The length of the drift is unknown 
but at present there is a tunnel approximately 400 feet long in 
solid bituminous formation. The coal from this mine resembles 
bituminous coal in appearance; it is jet black and in breaking 
up shows some of the characteristics of cannel coals. It runs ex¬ 
ceptionally low in ash and high in volatile matter. The following 
is an analysis of the coal, coke and ash: 


Analysis of Stover coal. 

Volatile matter. 49.10 

Ash. 2.30 

Moisture. 7.20 

Fixed carbon . 41.40 


100.00 

Specific gravity, apparent . 1.381 

B. t. u. 14,257 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 10.12 pounds 

Sulphur . 4.80 per cent 

Analysis of ash from Stover coal. 

Insoluble residue. 92.00 

FeTT. 5.30 

AbOa . 2.10 

CaO . 0.30 

Sulphur. 2.10 


101.80 

Analysis of coke from Stover coal. 


Sulphur . 3.05 percent 

B. t. u. ... 13,574 


This coal gave a good coke but runs high in sulphur. 



















MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


19 


Maryville coal. —This coal came from an Illinois mine near 
Maryville and is typical of the Illinois bituminous coals. The 
sample was selected for comparison with the Missouri cannel 
coals used in the retorts. 


Analysis of Maryville coal. 


Volatile matter . 40.90 

Ash. 9.00 

Moisture . 8.70 

Fixed carbon . 41.40 


100.00 

Specific gravity, apparent . 1.294 

B. t. u.12,218 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 30.20 pounds 

Sulphur . 3.70 percent 


Analysis of ash from Maryville coal. 


Silica . 53.66 

Fe*0.18.18 

AbO . 24.18 

CaO . 3.33 

MgO . 0.80 

Sulphur. 0.50 


100.65 


Analysis of coke from Maryville coal. 


Sulphur 
B. t. u. 


2.74 per cent 
11,954 


This coal gave a harder coke than did any of the cannel coals 
examined, but to get a good coke a higher temperature than that 
obtained in our retorts would be required, and also a longer time 
for heating would be necessary. 





















20 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


Wyoming coal. —A sample of this coal was at hand and it 
was run. This coal is a very poor quality, being very soft and 
brittle. The sample was taken from the Brook mine, Campbell 
County, Wyoming, T. 50, R. 72. The deposit is about 22 feet 
thick and of unknown extent. The deposit has been worked 
5 years for local use. 

Analysis of Wyoming coal. 


Volatile matter . 65.40 

Ash. 2.42 

Moisture . 20.20 

Fixed carbon . 11.98 

100.00 

Specific gravitv, apparent . 1.440 

B. t. u. ...10,980 

Ammonium sulphate, per ton. 15.80 pounds 

Sulphur . 0.43 percent 

Analysis of ash from Wyoming coal. 

Insoluble residue . 22.49 

FeaOs and AkQ> . 27.39 

CaO. 43.56 

Sulphur. 5.56 

Alkalies. 1.00 

100.00 

Analysis of coke from Wyoming coal. 

Sulphur . 0.65 per cent 

B. t. u.12,325 


The retort residue showed no signs of clinkering. It gave 
a powdered residue, almost a dust, but a very good B. t. u., and 
has a low sulphur content. It would have no commercial value 
as a fuel on account of its physical state. 



















Data from the distillation of the coals examined. 

NOTE: Readings for all runs were taken every half hour and the numbers above each temperature indicate each 

consecutive half hour. 

BUNCETON COAL 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


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22 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


The specific gravity for the first, second and third condens¬ 
ers was the same as that given for the first run. 

A ton of coal was found to give, according to this run, 48.32 
gal. of oil; 7.00 gal. of water, 1080 lb. of coke; and 8208 cu. ft. 
of gas. 


Analysis of a general sample of the gas. 


N* . . 12.7 

H,S and SO . 3.4 

CO. 1.5 

Illuminants. 15.6 

O,. 2.5 

CO. 0.8 

CTB . 32.5 

H,. 31.2 


Total.100.2 


The general sample gave a B. t. u. value of 997. 












Analysis of the gas given off at end of each half hour during the distillation of the coal. 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


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24 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


Analysis of a general sample of the oil. 


Specific gravity.9152 

Water, per cent. 6.60 

Flashing point, degrees F.110.00 

Burning point, degrees F.200.00 

Viscosity, 60 degrees C. 1.16 

Tar acid, per cent. 6.80 

Tar base, per cent. 1.00 

Volatile matter, per cent . 91.81 

Ash, per cent.16 

Fixed carbon, per cent. 2.02 

Free carbon, per cent. 7.04 

Napthalene, per cent . none 

Limpid point, degrees C. 1.5 

Unsulphonated residue, per cent . 15.00 


Comparison of Bunceton coal tar zvith ordinary tar in 

fractionating a 


Constituent Bunceton tar, per cent Ordinary tar, per cent 

Water. 6.6 15.0 

Light oil . 14.0 1.4 

Middle oil . 17.2 4.2 

Heavy oil . 13.4 24.0 

Anthracene oil . 38.8 .2 

Pitch. 10.0 55.0 


a Cohen, Theoretical organic chemistry, p. 381. 






















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MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


27 


Analysis of a general sample of the oil. 


Specific gravity.9081 

Water, per cent . 11.30 

Flashing point, degrees F. 90 

Burning point, degrees F.105 

Viscosity, 60 degrees C. 1.48 

Tar acid, per cent. 8.33 

Tar base, per cent . 0.00 

Volatile matter, per cent . 99.30 

Ash, per cent.03 

Fixed carbon, per cent. 1.67 

Free carbon, per cent.87 

Napthalene, per cent . 0.00 

Limpid point, degrees C. 4 

Unsulphonated residue, per cent . 80.16 


Comparison of Ouachita coal tar with ordinary tar in 

fractionating 11 . 


Constituent Ouachita tar, per cent Ordinary tar, per cent 

Water. 11.3 15.0 

Light oil . 8.3 1.4 

Middle oil . 22.9 4.2 

Heavy oil . 12.6 24.0 

Anthracene oil . 40.4 .2 

Pitch. 4.5 55.0 


a Cohen, Theoretical organic chemistry, p. 381. 























MONITEAU COAL. 

Destructive distillation of 25 lb. Moniteau coal. 


28 


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STOVER COAL. 

Destructive distillation of 25 lb. of Stover coal. 


30 


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32 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Analysis of a general sample of the oil. 


Specific gravity . 1.063 

Water, per cent. 26.00 

Flashing point, degrees F.195 

Burning point, degrees F. 

Viscosity, 60 degrees C. 3.25 

Tar acid, per cent. 32.00 

Tar base, per cent.50 

Volatile matter, per cent . 98.48 

Ash, per cent.03 

Fixed carbon, per cent . 1.49 

Free carbon, per cent.41 

Napthalene, per cent . 0.00 

Limpid point, degrees C. 21 

Unsulphonated residue, per cent . 24.58 


Comparison of yStover coal tar with ordinary tar in fractionating a . 


Constituent Stover tar, per cent Ordinary tar, per cent 

Water. 26.00 15.00 

Light oil . 4.32 1.40 

Middle oil . 12.89 4.20 

Fleavy oil . 7.51 24.00 

Anthracene oil .... 36.32 .20 

Pitch. 12.96 55.00 


a Cohen, Theoretical organic chemistry, p. 381. 




















MARYVILLE COAL. 

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MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


35 


Analysis of general sample of oil. 


Specific gravity . 1.066 

Water, per cent . 7.50 

Flashing point . 

Burning point .. 

Viscosity at 60 degrees C. 

Tar acid, per cent. 42.50 

Tar base, per cent. 2.00 

Volatile matter, per cent . 89.13 

Ash, per cent.04 

Fixed carbon, per cent. 10.83 

Free carbon, per cent. 5.08 

Napthalene, per cent . 0.00 

Limpid point, degrees C. 1 

Unsulphonated residue, per cent. 16.66( ?) 


Comparison of Maryville coal tar with ordinary tar in 

fractionating a . 


Constituent 
Water . . 
Light oil . 


Maryville tar, per cent Ordinary tar, per cent 
7.50 15.00 

4.90 1.40 

20.62 4.20 

11.06 24.00 

39.32 .20 

16.60 55.00 


Middle oil . 

Heavy oil . 

Anthracene oil .... 

Pitch. 

a Cohen, Theoretical organic chemistry, p. 381. 





















36 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


WYOMING COAL. 

sXSL J* 

Analysis of a general sample of the gas. 

N 2 . 9.1 

H«S and SO. . 0.1 

CO..16.4 

Illuminants. 1.5 

O.. 1.0 

CO . 11.2 

CFB .22.4 

H..38.5 


Total.100.2 

Analysis of the gas given off at the end, of each half hour during 
the destructive distillation of the coal. 

Time, half hours .... 1 2 3 4 5 6 

N. . 7.4 6.5 9.4 13.3 15.0 

H.S and SO. . 1.0 

CO.. 24.0 17.0 7.4 6.5 3.0 

Illuminants . 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.6 2.0 

O. . 1.0 1.3 .9 .9 .5 

CO . 10.0 8.0 9.9 6.8 11.5 

CH<. 22.4 22.2 25.7 29.0 20.7 

H.. 34.0 44.5 43.5 41.5 47.0 


Totals. 100.3 101.4 98.8 100.6 100.7 

Analysis of a general sample of the oil. 

Specific gravity . 1.009 

Water, per cent. 51.00 

Flashing point, degrees F.160 

Burning point, degrees F.250 

Viscosity, 60 degrees C.. 2.206 

Tar acids, per cent . 26.00 

Tar bases, per cent.60 

Volatile matter, per cent . 96.32 

Ash, per cent. 0.00 

Fixed carbon, per cent. 3.68 

Free carbon, per cent. 2.74 

Napthalene, per cent . 0.00 

Limpid point, degrees C. 1 

Unsulphonated residue, per cent . 36.66 

A ton of coal was found to give, as calculated from a run, 
2.59 gal. of oil; 127 gal. of water; 900 lb. of coke; and 8183 
cu. ft. of gas. 













































MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


37 



Oil, Production and Temperature). 










































































































































































































































































































































































38 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 



Specific Gravity of Oils and Distillation Fractions. 












































































































































































































































































































































































































MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


39 


w 

■ 

mmm 


mi 

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TM 

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WMWtW :: i j ; 

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Bromine Number and Temperature of Distillation. 


























































































































































































































































































40 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


41 



200 


400 


600 


800 


Gas Production and Temperature. 

Bunceton and Moniteau Coals. 


1000 






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































42 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 



400 600 800 

Gas Production and Temperature. 

Ouachita and Stover Coals. 


200 


1000 
























































































































































































































































































































































































MISSOURI SCHOOL, OF MINES. 


43 



Gas Production and Temperature. 

Maryville and Wyoming Coals. 







































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































44 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 





ch 4 


10 IB 20 28 ao as 40 45 80 85 60 


Constituents of Gases, Per Cent. 

















































































































































































































































































































































































































MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


45 













































































































































































































































































































































































































46 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Discussion of Oil Production With Time of Heating 



In the first stages of heating, the vaporization of the hydro¬ 
scopic moisture undoubtedly carries over into the condensers 
some of the hydrocarbons. Consequently, a wide range in the 
quantity of water in different coals makes impossible a very close 
comparison of the amounts of oils secured at low temperature 
distillations. In the first stages of heating the hydroscopic water 
disappears and this can be considered complete at about 200 de¬ 
grees C 1 ". Above this temperature the products of the decompo¬ 
sition depend upon the constituents of the coal 11 : cellulosic mat¬ 
ter yields oil, water and gases; resinous constituents decomposing 
at a higher temperature, yield less water and gases and more 
paraffin, olefines, olefiant gases and hydrogen. 

According to Burgess and Wheeler 12 all coals have a well de¬ 
fined decomposition point between 700 and 800 degrees C., which 
corresponds to a marked increase in quantity of hydrogen evolv¬ 
ed. But with the cannel coals, the data would justify saying that 
the maximum decomposition temperature was between 600 and 
700 degrees, if the maximum production of oil, water and hy¬ 
drogen are considered. This can be seen from the curves 3 and 
4, when the average temperature of the interior and exterior of 
the retort is considered. The greatest yield of water was obtained 
by slow heating and the greatest amount of oil with fast heat¬ 
ing 1 '. It will be noted that the maximum oil yields for the dif¬ 
ferent runs do not show a very wide variation for the same coal. 

The path of the gas from the retort to the condensers has a 
great influence upon the composition of the oils 14 . When the 
vapors are subjected to high temperatures, the hydrocarbons are 
cracked, giving an oil of higher specific gravity and more free 
carbon. The increase of specific gravity of the oils driven ofif 
with different stages in the process of distillation is due, in a 
measure, to the cracking and condensation of some of the hy¬ 
drocarbons at the higher temperatures. The percentages of free 
carbon in these successive periods of heating increase as the tem¬ 
perature of the retort rises. 

“Wilson, E. B., Adaptability of West Virginia coals to by-product 
coking: Colliery Eng., vol. 35, pp. 151-153, 1914. 

n Taylor, G. B., and Porter, H. C., The primary volatile products of 
the carbonization of coal: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Tech. Paper No. 140, 
p. 51, 1916. 

12 Burgess, M. J., and Wheeler, R. V., The volatile constituents of 
coal: Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 97, pp. 1917-1935, 1910. 

1:l Rau, O., and Lambris, G., Die Wasserbildung bei der troc.kenem 
Destination der Brennstoffe: Jour. f. Gasbel., Jahrg. 56, pp. 533-536, 557- 
564, 589-591, 1913. 

“Perry, R. P., Tar distillation in United States: Eighth International 
Congress of Applied Chemistry; vol. 10, p. 233, 1912. 



MISSOURI SCHOOL OP MINES. 


47 


Pair and Olin coked some Illinois coals by the use of 
superheated steam at 400 to 500 degrees C., in which only 18 to 
20 per cent of the volatile matter was left behind in the coke ; 
but the gas produced was only 10 per cent of that compared with 
high temperature distillation. The tar produced contained only 
30 per cent pitch with little free carbon. It had a lower specific 
gravity and a higher per cent of tar acids. 

Cannel coals at the lower temperature distillation gave a 
light oil, having a minimum of tar acids for the coal. As to 
whether these lighter oils contain a very high per cent of ole¬ 
fines, will depend upon the coal and the manner of distillation. 
Undoubtedly the bromine number of the cuts would show the 
same general relation to the oils obtained by successive stages 
of carbonization. The curves in Fig. 6 show that there is no 
regularity, the bromine number in some cases showing an in¬ 
crease and in other a decrease. The unsulphonated residues seem 
to pass through a maximum at about 200 degrees C., in the frac¬ 
tionation. This perhaps is in the same general order as would be 
found in the oils coming from the retorts in the process of cok¬ 
ing. 

Production of gases at successive temperatures 

of distillation. 

Here again it is found that the maximum evolution of gases 
is at a lower temperature than with bituminous coals. However, 
it is impossible from analysis to dififerentiate entirely between 
time and temperature. The coal in contact with the hotter out¬ 
side of the retort will yield more of its gas than that in the in¬ 
terior where the temperature is not so high, and it may be some 
time, comparatively, before it can reach the same temperature. 

In the first stages when the temperature is below the decom¬ 
position point of the “cellulosic matter,” paraffin hydrocarbons 
predominate and a small per cent of hydrogen is produced. The 
sudden rise in percentage of hydrogen is seen to be at a lower 
temperature than is found to be the case with bituminous coals. 

The evolution of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide 
proceeds in the same manner as in other coals, gradually de¬ 
creasing as the sulphur content diminishes. The sulphur com¬ 
pounds in cannel coal probably do not dififer from those found 
in bituminous coals. It must be borne in mind that the percent¬ 
age present in the gases for the different stages of carbonization 
of the coal is different from the actual quantity evolved. The 
quantity for most of the gases is the greatest at the “critical 

l5 Parr, S. W., and Olin, H. L., The coking- of coals at low tempera¬ 
tures: Univ. of Illinois, Eng-. Exper. Sta., Bull. 60, 1912. 

lr, Parr, S. W., and Olin, H. L., The coking of coals at low tempera¬ 
tures, with special reference to the properties and composition of the 
products: Univ. of Illinois, Eng. Exper. Sta., Bull. 78, 1915. 



48 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


point” in the process of carbonization. In the tables the percent¬ 
age composition of different constituents is given. 

As is to be expected, carbon dioxide decreases with the de¬ 
composition of the oxygenated constituents, while the carbon 
monoxide does not show such variation, as a whole, for the dif¬ 
ferent runs. Burgess and Wheeler 17 explain this fact as due to 
the elimination of water from the hydroxy compounds and the 
subsequent reaction of the steam thus formed with the carbon. 

The gas has a very disagreeable odor due to the sulphur 
compounds, and when burned in the laboratory the sulphur di¬ 
oxide formed soon contaminated the air so as to make it un¬ 
bearable. For domestic use these sulphur compounds would have 
to be removed. No attempt was made to remove the hydrogen 
sulphide as is done in commercial plants, but no doubt this could 
be accomplished by the same means. 

The B. t. u. of the gases of the cannel coals runs high, this 
making the gas valuable for heating purposes. 

As for the benzene, toluene and xylenes'", less was found 
than in the bituminous coal examined. The cannel coals did not 
give sufficient amounts of benzene, toluene and xylene to secure 
quantitative tests. With the view of determining these products 
the authors would suggest that these coals be carbonized rapidly 
at a higher temperature than they used so as to crack some of the 
light oils. The coking temperature for a maximum yield of 
benzene and toluene requires only a moderate heat, and from the 
fact that cannel coals are richer in the lighter oils, it seems that 
it might be possible to work these coals for these products. 

Summary. 

1. Five different cannel coals were subjected to destructive 
distillation in a gas-hred horizontal retort and compared with a 
bituminous coal coked under similar conditions. 

2. The decomposition temperature of cannel coal is much 
lower than that of bituminous coals. 

3. Different cannel coals show a wide variation in the yields 
of oils or tars. In general, cannel coals yield a much larger 
amount of oil than do bituminous coals. 

4. The oils from cannel coals have a low specific gravity 
and consist chiefly of paraffin hydrocarbons. These oils resemble 
the oils obtained by low-temperature carbonization of bituminous 
coals and they can easily be explained as due to the fact that can¬ 
nel coals have a lower decomposition temperature. This low de¬ 
composition temperature is due to a large amount of cellulosic 
matter in the coal. 

UBurgess, M. J., and Wheeler, R. V., Volatile constituents of coal: 
Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 99, pp. 649-667, 1911. 

18 Sperr, F. W., Laboratory method for benzol-recovery plant opera¬ 
tion: Met. & Chem. Eng-., vol. 16, pp. 549, 586, 642, 1917. 



MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


49 


5. Cannel coals yield a greater amount of gas than do bi¬ 
tuminous coals, and this gas has a high calorific and illuminating 
value. Again, this is what is found in the coking of bituminous 
coals at a low temperature. With the removal of sulphur com¬ 
pounds, cannel coal gas would be valuable for illuminating uses. 

6. The yield of ammonium sulphate per ton cannel coals is 
less than that from bituminous coals. Coking at a higher tem¬ 
perature would undoubtedly give more of this product. 

7. There is a wide range in the cokability of cannel coals. 
Only two of the coals examined, Bunceton and Stover, gave a coke 
of commercial value. 

8. The cannel coals examined would not be a source for 
toluene. The gases and oils are very low or possibly entirely de¬ 
void of benzene and napthalene derivatives. This is due to the 
low temperature cracking of the compounds in the coal. Under 
suitable conditions, these oils, in all probability, could be cracked 
and used as a source for aromatic hydrocarbons, but the cost of 
such and operation would make it impossible to compete with the 
same products obtained by cracking the cheaper petroleum oils. 

9. The amount of free carbon in the tars is low and the 
pitch content is low. There is a large amount of low distilling oils 
in the crude tar. 

10. The oils obtained would have little commercial value 
as such, the only use for them would be as a fuel. A good can¬ 
nel coal might be of great value to mix with bituminous coals for 
the making of gas, because of the high illuminating value of the 
cannel coal gas. 



50 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


Bulletins of the Missouri School of Mines 

GENERAL SERIES 

Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec., 1908. The human side of a mining- 
engineer’s life. Edmund B. Kirby. (Commencement address, 
June 10, 1908.) 

Vol. 1, No. 2, 38th Annual Catalogue, 1909-1910. 

Vol. 1, No. 3, June, 1909. Education for utility and cul¬ 
ture. Calvin M. Woodward. (Tau Beta Pi address.) 

Vol. 1, No. 4, Sept., 1909. The history and development 
of the cyanide process. Horace Tharp Mann. 

Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec., 1909. The Jackling field, School of 
Mines and Metallurgy. 

Vol. 2, No. 2, 39th Annual Catalogue, 1910-1911. (Out of 

print.) 

Vol. 2, No. 3, June, 1910. Some of the essentials of success. 
Charles Summer Howe. (Commencement address, June 1, 1910.) 

Vol. 2, No. 4, Sept., 1910. Friction in small air pipes. E. G. 
Harris, Albert Park, H. K. Peterson. (Continued by Technical 
Series. Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 4.) 

Vol. 3, No. 1, Dec., 1910. Some relations between the com¬ 
position of a mineral and its physical properties. G. H. Cox, E. 
P. Murray. 

Vol. 3, No. 2, March 1, 1911. 40th Annual Catalogue, 1911- 

1912. 

Vol. 3, No. 3, June, 1911. Providing for future generations. 
E. R. Buckley. (Tau Beta Pi address, May 24, 1911.) 

Vol. 3, No. 4, Sept., 1911. Fall announcement of courses. 
(Out of print.) 

Vol. 4, No. 1, Dec., 1911. Fortieth anniversary of the School 
of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Missouri. Parker 
Hall Memorial address. Laying of cornerstone of Parker Hall, 
Rolla, Missouri, October 24, 1911. 

Vol. 4, No. 2, March, 1912. 41st Annual Catalogue, 1912- 

1913. 

Vol. 4, No. 3, June, 1912. Mining and civilization. J. R. 
Finlay. (Commencement address, May 31, 1912.) 

Vol. 4, No. 4, Sept., 1912. Fall announcement of courses 
(Out of print.) 

Vol. 5, No. 1, Dec., 1912. Student Life. 

Vol. 5, No. 2, March, 1913. 42nd Annual Catalogue, 1912- 

1913. 

Vol. 5, No. 3. Never published. 

Vol. 5, No. 4. Never published. 

Vol. 6, No. 1. Never published. 

Vol. 6, No. 2, March, 1914. 43rd Annual Catalogue, 1913- 

1914. 


MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES. 


5)1 


Vol. 6, No. 3. Never published. 

Vol. 6, No. 4. Never published. 

Yol. 7, No. 1. Never published. 

Vol. 7, No. 2, March, 1915. 44th Annual Catalogue, 1914- 

1915. 

Vol. 7, No. 3, June, 1915. Description of special courses in 
oil and gas and allied subjects. 

Vol. 7, No. 4, Sept., 1915. Register of graduates, 1874-1915. 
Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan., 1916. Bibliography on concentrating ores 
by flotation. Jesse Cunningham. 

Vol. 8, No. 2, March, 1916. 45th Annual Catalogue, 1915- 

1916. 

Vol. 8, No. 3, June, 1916. The business of mining. W. R. 
Ingalls. (Commencement address, May 26, 1916.) 

Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct., 1916. Register of graduates, 1874-1916. 
(Out of print.) 

Vol. 9, No. 1, Jan., 1917. Road problems in the Ozarks. 
E. G. Harris. Bibliography on rural roads. H. L. Wheeler. 

Vol. 9, No. 2, March, 1917. 46th Annual Catalogue, 1916- 

1917. 

Vol. 9, No. 3, June, 1917. What should a present-day metal¬ 
lurgical education comprise? Charles Hermann Fulton. (Com¬ 
mencement address, May 25, 1917.) 

Vol. 9, No. 4, Oct., 1917. Register of graduates, 1874-1917. 
M. S. M. men in military service. 

Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan., 1918. Student life; revised edition. 
Vol. 10, No. 2, March, 1918. 47th Annual Catalogue, 1917- 

1918. 

Vol. 10, No. 3, June, 1918. The human side of mining en¬ 
gineering. James Furman Kemp. ( Commencement address, May 
24, 1918.) 

Vol. 10, No. 4, Oct., 1918. Manual on the use of the library. 
H. L. Wheeler. (In preparation.) 

TECHNICAL SERIES 

Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov., 1911. Friction in air pipes. E. G. Har¬ 
ris. (Continuation of General Series, Vol. 2, No. 4.) 

Vol. 1, No. 2, Feb., 1912. Metallurgy and ore dressing lab¬ 
oratories of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. D. 
Copeland, H. T. Mann, H. A. Roesler. (Out of print.) 

Vol. 1, No. 3, May, 1912. Some apparatus and methods for 
demonstrating rock drilling and the loading of drill-holes in tun¬ 
nelling. E. E. Young. 

Vol. 1, No. 4, Aug., 1912. Friction in air pipes. E. G. Har- 
(Continuation of Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov., 1911.) 


ris. 


52 


MISSOURI SCHOOL. OF MINES. 


Vol. 2, No. 1, Aug., 1915. Comparative tests of piston drill- 
bits. C. R. Forbes and L. M. Cummings. 

Vol. 2, No. 2, Nov., 1915. Orifice measurements of air in 
large quantities. Elmo G. Harris. 

Vol. 2, No. 3, Feb., 1916. Cupellation losses in assaying. 
Horace T. Mann and Charles Y. Clayton. 

Vol. 2, No. 4, May, 1916. Geologic criteria for determining 
the structural position of sedimentary beds. G. H. Cox and C. E. 
Dake. (Out of print.) 

Vol. 3, No. 1, Aug., 1916. Experiments from the flotation 
laboratory. C. Y. Clayton. (Out of print.) 

Vol. 3, No. 2, Nov., 1916. Studies on the origin of Missouri 
cherts and zinc ores. G. H. Cox, R. S. Dean and V. H. Gotts- 
chalk. 

Vol. 3, No. 3, Feb., 1917. Preliminary report on blended 
Portland cement. E. S. McCandliss. 

Vol. 3, No. 4, May, 1917. Studies in the production of oils 
and tars from bituminous materials. J. C. Ingram. 

Vol. 4, No. 1, Aug., 1917. The hydrometallurgy and elec¬ 
trolytic precipitation of zinc. F. D. James. 

Vol. 4, No. 2, Nov., 1917. The effect of addition agents in 
flotation. Part I. M. H. Thornberry and H. T. Mann. 

Vol. 4, No. 3, Feb., 1918. Bibliography: Roasting, leaching, 
smelting, electric smelting and electrolysis of zinc. H. L. Wheeler. 

Vol. 4, No. 4, May, 1918. An investigation of blended Port¬ 
land cement. E. S. McCandliss and H. H. Armsby. 

Vol. 5, No. 1, Aug., 1919. The carbonization of Missouri 
cannel coals. H. L. Dunlap, K. K. Kershner and V. X. Smiley. 

Vol. 5, No. 2, Nov., 1919. The effect of addition agents in 
flotation. Part II. M. PI. Thornberry and H. T. Mann. (In 
preparation.) 


Engineering 

“The Keystone of Civilization** 


THE MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES 


offers courses leading to degrees in 




Chemical Engineering 
Civil Engineering 
Electrical Engineering 
Mechanical Engineering 
Metallurgy 
Mining Engineering 
General Science 


For Literature address 

The Registrar, Missouri School of Mines 

Rolla, Mo. 








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